Berkowitz RG, Zalzal GH Tonsillectomy in children under 3 years of age. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Jun;116(6):685-6.
Blakley BW Post-tonsillectomy bleeding: how much is too much? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Mar;140(3):288-90. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.12.005.
Bluestone CD Current indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1992 Jan;155:58-64.
Brigger MT, Cunningham MJ, Hartnick CJ Dexamethasone administration and postoperative bleeding risk in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Aug;136(8):766-72. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2010.133.
Cardwell M, Siviter G, Smith A Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD003591. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD003591.
Collison PJ, Mettler B Factors associated with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Ear Nose Throat J. 2000 Aug;79(8):640-2, 644, 646 passim.
Harley EH, Dattolo RA Ibuprofen for tonsillectomy pain in children: efficacy and complications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998 Nov;119(5):492-6.
Husband AD, Davis A Pain after tonsillectomy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1996 Apr;21(2):99-101. Review.
Lewis SR, Nicholson A, Cardwell ME, Siviter G, Smith AF Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 18;(7):CD003591. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003591.pub3. Review.
Randall DA, Hoffer ME Complications of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998 Jan;118(1):61-8. Review.
REUTER SH, MONTGOMERY WW ASPIRIN VS ACETAMINOPHEN AFTER TONSILLECTOMY. A COMPARATIVE DOUBLE-BLIND CLINICAL STUDY. Arch Otolaryngol. 1964 Aug;80:214-7.
Ross AT, Kazahaya K, Tom LW Revisiting outpatient tonsillectomy in young children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Mar;128(3):326-31.
Schafer AI Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on platelet function and systemic hemostasis. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Mar;35(3):209-19. Review.
St Charles CS, Matt BH, Hamilton MM, Katz BP A comparison of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen with codeine in the young tonsillectomy patient. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Jul;117(1):76-82.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.