Thyroid — Ultrasound and Functional Thyroid Evaluation
Citation(s)
Chaudhari M, Slaughter JL Thyroid Function in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Clin Perinatol. 2018 Mar;45(1):19-30. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.005. Epub 2017 Dec 13. Review.
Kaluarachchi DC, Colaizy TT, Pesce LM, Tansey M, Klein JM Congenital hypothyroidism with delayed thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation in premature infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation. J Perinatol. 2017 Mar;37(3):277-282. doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.213. Epub 2016 Dec 1.
McGrath N, Hawkes CP, Mayne P, Murphy NP Optimal Timing of Repeat Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism in Preterm Infants to Detect Delayed Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Elevation. J Pediatr. 2019 Feb;205:77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.044. Epub 2018 Oct 24.
Oh KW, Koo MS, Park HW, Chung ML, Kim MH, Lim G Establishing a reference range for triiodothyronine levels in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Oct;90(10):621-4. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.012. Epub 2014 Aug 24.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
