Tetanus — Immunogenicity & Reactogenicity of Boostrix 10 Years After Previous Booster Vaccination.
Citation(s)
He Q et al Immunity to pertussis 10 years after acellular booster vaccine in adolescence and response to a second dTpa booster in young adults. Abstract presented at the 19th annual european congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases, Helsinki, Finland, 16-19 May 2009.
Mertsola J et al Decennial administration of reduced-antigen dTpa vaccine in young adults - incidence of solicited local symptoms classified by pre-vaccination antibody concentrations. Abstract presented at the 27th annual ESPID meeting, Brussels, Belgium, 9-13 June 2009.
Mertsola J et al The immunogenicity and safety of repeated administration of dTpa booster in adolescents and young adults. Abstract presented at the 27th annual ESPID meeting, Brussels, Belgium, 9-13 June 2009.
Mertsola J et al The immunogenicity of repeated administration of reduced-antigen-content dTpa booster in adults. Abstract presented at WSPID-6th World Congress. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 19-22 November 2009
Mertsola J et al The safety of repeated administration of Boostrix™, a reduced-antigen-content dTpa booster. Abstract presented at Excellence In Paediatrics (EIP). Florence, Italy, 3-6 December 2009.
Mertsola J et al The safety of repeated administration of reduced-antigen-content dTpa boosters. Abstract presented at WSPID-6th World Congress. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 19-22 November 2009.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
