Temporomandibular Disorders — Peripheral TMD Pain Mechanisms and the Effect by Botulinum Toxin A
Citation(s)
Christidis N, Kang I, Cairns BE, Kumar U, Dong X, Rosen A, Kopp S, Ernberg M Expression of 5-HT3 receptors and TTX resistant sodium channels (Na(V)1.8) on muscle nerve fibers in pain-free humans and patients with chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorders. J Headache Pain. 2014 Sep 26;15(1):63. doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-63.
Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, List T, Svensson P Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of persistent myofascial TMD pain: a randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter study. Pain. 2011 Sep;152(9):1988-1996. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.036. Epub 2011 Apr 22.
Wheelock AM, Wheelock CE Trials and tribulations of 'omics data analysis: assessing quality of SIMCA-based multivariate models using examples from pulmonary medicine. Mol Biosyst. 2013 Nov;9(11):2589-96. doi: 10.1039/c3mb70194h.
Peripheral TMD Pain Mechanisms and the Effect by Botulinum Toxin A. A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
