Aziz MM, Galal MAA, Elzohri MH, El-Nouby F, Leong KP Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Quality of Life questionnaire into Arabic. Lupus. 2018 Apr;27(5):780-787. doi: 10.1177/0961203317747714. Epub 2018 Jan 7.
Croft M The role of TNF superfamily members in T-cell function and diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Apr;9(4):271-85. doi: 10.1038/nri2526. Review.
Kaiser R, Criswell LA Genetics research in systemic lupus erythematosus for clinicians: methodology, progress, and controversies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010 Mar;22(2):119-25. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283361943. Review.
Lane P Role of OX40 signals in coordinating CD4 T cell selection, migration, and cytokine differentiation in T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells. J Exp Med. 2000 Jan 17;191(2):201-6. Review.
Stüber E, Neurath M, Calderhead D, Fell HP, Strober W Cross-linking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF/NGF cytokine family, induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells. Immunity. 1995 May;2(5):507-21.
Polymorphisms of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 4 and Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor Gene in SLE Egyptian Patients.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
