Anile C, De Bonis P, Di Chirico A, Ficola A, Mangiola A, Petrella G Cerebral blood flow autoregulation during intracranial hypertension: a simple, purely hydraulic mechanism? Childs Nerv Syst. 2009 Mar;25(3):325-35; discussion 337-40. doi: 10.1007/s00381-008-0749-7. Epub 2009 Jan 17.
Ding J, Guo Y, Tian H The influence of decompressive craniectomy on the development of hydrocephalus: a review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014 Sep;72(9):715-20. Review.
Guangming Z, Huancong Z, Wenjing Z, Guoqiang C, Xiaosong W Should epidural drain be recommended after supratentorial craniotomy for epileptic patients? Surg Neurol. 2009 Aug;72(2):138-41; discussion 141. doi: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.06.014.
Honeybul S, Ho KM Incidence and risk factors for post-traumatic hydrocephalus following decompressive craniectomy for intractable intracranial hypertension and evacuation of mass lesions. J Neurotrauma. 2012 Jul 1;29(10):1872-8. doi: 10.1089/neu.2012.2356.
Honeybul S, Ho KM Long-term complications of decompressive craniectomy for head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011 Jun;28(6):929-35. doi: 10.1089/neu.2010.1612. Epub 2011 Jun 1.
Huang X, Wen L Technical considerations in decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Int J Med Sci. 2010 Nov 8;7(6):385-90. Review.
Huang YH, Lee TC, Lee TH, Yang KY, Liao CC Remote epidural hemorrhage after unilateral decompressive hemicraniectomy in brain-injured patients. J Neurotrauma. 2013 Jan 15;30(2):96-101. doi: 10.1089/neu.2012.2563.
Jiao QF, Liu Z, Li S, Zhou LX, Li SZ, Tian W, You C Influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus in patients suffering from severe traumatic brain injuries. Chin J Traumatol. 2007 Jun;10(3):159-62.
Kosins AM, Scholz T, Cetinkaya M, Evans GRD Evidence-based value of subcutaneous surgical wound drainage: the largest systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Aug;132(2):443-450. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182958945. Review.
Meyerson JM A Brief History of Two Common Surgical Drains. Ann Plast Surg. 2016 Jan;77(1):4-5. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000734.
Morris AM A controlled trial of closed wound suction. Br J Surg. 1973 May;60(5):357-9.
Nalbach SV, Ropper AE, Dunn IF, Gormley WB Craniectomy-associated Progressive Extra-Axial Collections with Treated Hydrocephalus (CAPECTH): redefining a common complication of decompressive craniectomy. J Clin Neurosci. 2012 Sep;19(9):1222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.01.016. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
Pandey S, Jin Y, Gao L, Zhou CC, Cui DM Negative-Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Case Report on Successful Treatment Under Intracranial Pressure Monitoring with Bilateral Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts. World Neurosurg. 2017 Mar;99:812.e7-812.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.049. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
Rahme R, Weil AG, Sabbagh M, Moumdjian R, Bouthillier A, Bojanowski MW Decompressive craniectomy is not an independent risk factor for communicating hydrocephalus in patients with increased intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery. 2010 Sep;67(3):675-8; discussion 678. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000383142.10103.0B.
Roth J, Galeano E, Milla S, Hartmannsgruber MW, Weiner HL Multiple epidural hematomas and hemodynamic collapse caused by a subgaleal drain and suction-induced intracranial hypotension: case report. Neurosurgery. 2011 Jan;68(1):E271-5; discussion E276. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181fe6165.
Shi SS, Zhang GL, Zeng T, Lin YF Posttraumatic hydrocephalus associated with decompressive cranial defect in severe brain-injured patients. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(6):343-7.
Weintraub AH, Gerber DJ, Kowalski RG Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus as a Confounding Influence on Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Feb;98(2):312-319. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.08.478. Epub 2016 Sep 23.
Wilkie KP, Nagra G, Johnston M A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT MODULATE PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND FACILITATE VENTRICULAR EXPANSION IN HYDROCEPHALUS. Int J Numer Anal Model B. 2012;316:65-81.
Yadav M, Nikhar SA, Kulkarni DK, Gopinath R Cardiac Arrest after Connecting Negative Pressure to the Subgaleal Drain during Craniotomy Closure. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2014;2014:146870. doi: 10.1155/2014/146870. Epub 2014 May 22.
Yadav YR, Parihar V, Chourasia ID, Bajaj J, Namdev H The role of subgaleal suction drain placement in chronic subdural hematoma evacuation. Asian J Neurosurg. 2016 Jul-Sep;11(3):214-8. doi: 10.4103/1793-5482.145096.
Zhou L, Yu J, Sun L, Han Y, Wang G Overdrainage after ventriculoperitoneal shunting in a patient with a wide depressed skull bone defect: The effect of atmospheric pressure gradient. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;29:11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.10.012. Epub 2016 Oct 15.
Vacuum Drains vs Passive Drains vs no Drains in Decompressive Craniectomies - A Randomized Controlled Trial on Subgaleal Drain Complication Rates
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.