Surgical Site Infection — Effect of Copper on the Healing of Obstetric Wounds
Citation(s)
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 120: Use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;117(6):1472-83. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182238c31.
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Operative vaginal delivery. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Jul;74(1):69-76.
Borkow G, Gabbay J, Zatcoff RC Could chronic wounds not heal due to too low local copper levels? Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):610-3. Epub 2007 Aug 6.
Borkow G, Gabbay J Copper as a biocidal tool. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(18):2163-75. Review.
Callwood A, Thomas J The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit. Pract Midwife. 2000 Jun;3(6):34-5.
Creech CB, Litzner B, Talbot TR, Schaffner W Frequency of detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from rectovaginal swabs in pregnant women. Am J Infect Control. 2010 Feb;38(1):72-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.015. Epub 2009 Oct 21.
Henderson E, Love EJ Incidence of hospital-acquired infections associated with caesarean section. J Hosp Infect. 1995 Apr;29(4):245-55.
Hillan EM Postoperative morbidity following Caesarean delivery. J Adv Nurs. 1995 Dec;22(6):1035-42.
Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflamm Res. 2011 Jan;60(1):79-86. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0238-9. Epub 2010 Aug 20. Erratum in: Inflamm Res. 2011 Jun;60(6):611.
Johnson A, Thakar R, Sultan AH Obstetric perineal wound infection: is there underreporting? Br J Nurs. 2012 Mar 8-21;21(5):S28, S30, S32-5.
Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect. 2006 Jul;63(3):289-97. Epub 2006 May 2.
O'Gorman J, Humphreys H Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? J Hosp Infect. 2012 Aug;81(4):217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009. Epub 2012 Jun 26. Review.
Smaill FM, Grivell RM Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD007482. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007482.pub3. Review.
Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M Essentiality of copper in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):952S-959S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.952S. Review.
Ward VP, Charlett A, Fagan J, Crawshaw SC Enhanced surgical site infection surveillance following caesarean section: experience of a multicentre collaborative post-discharge system. J Hosp Infect. 2008 Oct;70(2):166-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.06.002. Epub 2008 Aug 23.
Randomised Controlled Trial on the Effect of Copper Impregnated Dressings and Maternity Pads on the Healing of Obstetric Wounds and Wound Infection
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.