Surgery — Risk Calculators Validation for Elective Major General Surgery
Citation(s)
Barnett S, Moonesinghe SR Clinical risk scores to guide perioperative management. Postgrad Med J. 2011 Aug;87(1030):535-41. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2010.107169. Epub 2011 Jan 21. Review.
Bilimoria KY, Liu Y, Paruch JL, Zhou L, Kmiecik TE, Ko CY, Cohen ME Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: a decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 Nov;217(5):833-42.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.07.385. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
Chan DXH, Sim YE, Chan YH, Poopalalingam R, Abdullah HR Development of the Combined Assessment of Risk Encountered in Surgery (CARES) surgical risk calculator for prediction of postsurgical mortality and need for intensive care unit admission risk: a sin
Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Mentzer RM Jr Preoperative risk factors and surgical complexity are more predictive of costs than postoperative complications: a case study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Ann Surg. 2005 Oct;242(4):463-8; discussion 468-71.
Devereaux PJ, Sessler DI Cardiac Complications in Patients Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 3;373(23):2258-69. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1502824. Review.
International Surgical Outcomes Study group Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries. Br J Anaesth. 2016 Oct 31;117(5):601-609. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew316. Erratum in: Br J Anaesth. 2017 Sep 1;119(3):553.
Liao L, Mark DB Clinical prediction models: are we building better mousetraps? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Sep 3;42(5):851-3. Review.
Lupei MI, Chipman JG, Beilman GJ, Oancea SC, Konia MR The association between ASA status and other risk stratification models on postoperative intensive care unit outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2014 May;118(5):989-94. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000187.
Protopapa KL Is there a place for the Surgical Outcome Risk Tool app in routine clinical practice? Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2016 Nov 2;77(11):612-613.
Sankar A, Johnson SR, Beattie WS, Tait G, Wijeysundera DN Reliability of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status scale in clinical practice. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Sep;113(3):424-32. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu100. Epub 2014 Apr 11.
Sobol JB, Wunsch H Triage of high-risk surgical patients for intensive care. Crit Care. 2011;15(2):217. doi: 10.1186/cc9999. Epub 2011 Mar 22. Review.
Yurtlu DA, Aksun M, Ayvat P, Karahan N, Koroglu L, Aran GÖ Comparison of Risk Scoring Systems to Predict the Outcome in ASA-PS V Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(13):e3238. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003238.
Validation of Postoperative Mortality Prediction for Elective Major Surgical Operation With Existing Risk Calculators Based on Preoperative Parameters
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
