Byrne K, Levins KJ, Buggy DJ Can anesthetic-analgesic technique during primary cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis? Can J Anaesth. 2016 Feb;63(2):184-92. Review.
Ciechanowicz SJ, Ma D Anaesthesia for oncological surgery - can it really influence cancer recurrence? Anaesthesia. 2016 Feb;71(2):127-31. doi: 10.1111/anae.13342. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
Duff S, Connolly C, Buggy DJ Adrenergic, Inflammatory, and Immune Function in the Setting of Oncological Surgery: Their Effects on Cancer Progression and the Role of the Anesthetic Technique in their Modulation. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2016 Fall;54(4):48-57. doi: 10.1097/AIA.0000000000000120. Review.
Freeman J, Connolly C, Buggy D Mechanisms of Metastasis of Solid Organ Tumors in the Perioperative Period. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2016 Fall;54(4):29-47. doi: 10.1097/AIA.0000000000000124. Review.
Hiller JG, Hacking MB, Link EK, Wessels KL, Riedel BJ Perioperative epidural analgesia reduces cancer recurrence after gastro-oesophageal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Mar;58(3):281-90. doi: 10.1111/aas.12255. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
Horowitz M, Neeman E, Sharon E, Ben-Eliyahu S Exploiting the critical perioperative period to improve long-term cancer outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015 Apr;12(4):213-26. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.224. Epub 2015 Jan 20. Review.
Luo X, Zhao H, Hennah L, Ning J, Liu J, Tu H, Ma D Impact of isoflurane on malignant capability of ovarian cancer in vitro. Br J Anaesth. 2015 May;114(5):831-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu408. Epub 2014 Dec 13.
Piegeler T, Beck-Schimmer B Anesthesia and colorectal cancer - The perioperative period as a window of opportunity? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016 Sep;42(9):1286-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.05.004. Epub 2016 May 24. Review.
Shi QY, Zhang SJ, Liu L, Chen QS, Yu LN, Zhang FJ, Yan M Sevoflurane promotes the expansion of glioma stem cells through activation of hypoxia-inducible factors in vitro. Br J Anaesth. 2015 May;114(5):825-30. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu402. Epub 2014 Dec 9.
Wigmore TJ, Mohammed K, Jhanji S Long-term Survival for Patients Undergoing Volatile versus IV Anesthesia for Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis. Anesthesiology. 2016 Jan;124(1):69-79. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000936.
Xu YJ, Li SY, Cheng Q, Chen WK, Wang SL, Ren Y, Miao CH Effects of anaesthesia on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of LoVo colon cancer cells in vitro. Anaesthesia. 2016 Feb;71(2):147-54. doi: 10.1111/anae.13331. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
Yamaguchi K, Takagi Y, Aoki S, Futamura M, Saji S Significant detection of circulating cancer cells in the blood by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during colorectal cancer resection. Ann Surg. 2000 Jul;232(1):58-65.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.