Abdelgadir IS, Phillips RS, Singh D, Moncreiff MP, Lumsden JL Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 24;5:CD011413. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011413.pub2. Review.
Lingappan K, Arnold JL, Shaw TL, Fernandes CJ, Pammi M Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 18;(2):CD009975. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009975.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 04;6:CD009975.
Mort TC Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg. 2004 Aug;99(2):607-13, table of contents.
Nouruzi-Sedeh P, Schumann M, Groeben H Laryngoscopy via Macintosh blade versus GlideScope: success rate and time for endotracheal intubation in untrained medical personnel. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jan;110(1):32-7. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318190b6a7.
Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J, Walker C, Stolz U The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;20(1):71-8. doi: 10.1111/acem.12055.
Souza Nd, Carvalho WB [Complications of tracheal intubation in pediatrics]. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2009 Nov-Dec;55(6):646-50. Portuguese.
Sun H, Liu M, Lin Z, Jiang H, Niu Y, Wang H, Chen S Comprehensive identification of 125 multifarious constituents in Shuang-huang-lian powder injection by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015 Nov 10;115:86-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.013. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
The Videolaryngoscopy in Small Infants (VISI) Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
