Surgery — Abdominal Hernia in Cirrhotic Patients: Surgery or Conservative Treatment?
Citation(s)
Ammar SA Management of complicated umbilical hernias in cirrhotic patients using permanent mesh: randomized clinical trial. Hernia. 2010 Feb;14(1):35-8. doi: 10.1007/s10029-009-0556-4. Epub 2009 Aug 29.
Belghiti J, Durand F Abdominal wall hernias in the setting of cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 1997;17(3):219-26. Review.
Carbonell AM, Wolfe LG, DeMaria EJ Poor outcomes in cirrhosis-associated hernia repair: a nationwide cohort study of 32,033 patients. Hernia. 2005 Dec;9(4):353-7. Epub 2005 Aug 27.
de Goede B, Klitsie PJ, Lange JF, Metselaar HJ, Kazemier G Morbidity and mortality related to non-hepatic surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb;26(1):47-59. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.01.010. Review.
Mansour A, Watson W, Shayani V, Pickleman J Abdominal operations in patients with cirrhosis: still a major surgical challenge. Surgery. 1997 Oct;122(4):730-5; discussion 735-6.
Oh HK, Kim H, Ryoo S, Choe EK, Park KJ Inguinal hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis is not associated with increased risk of complications and recurrence. World J Surg. 2011 Jun;35(6):1229-33; discussion 1234. doi: 10.1007/s00268-011-1007-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
