Surgery — Immunomodulation Effect of Blood Transfusion
Citation(s)
Ghio M, Contini P, Negrini S, Mazzei C, Zocchi MR, Poggi A Down regulation of human natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis induced by blood transfusion: role of transforming growth factor-ß(1), soluble Fas ligand, and soluble Class I human leukocyte antigen. Transfusion. 2011 Jul;51(7):1567-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03000.x. Epub 2011 Jan 7.
Marik PE, Corwin HL Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2008 Sep;36(9):2667-74. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181844677. Review. Erratum in: Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):3134.
von Bormann B, Wirtz S, Weiler J, von Bormann C, Trobisch H [Quality of whole blood as a result of storage and preparation (inline-leukocyte depletion). Evidence for autologous predeposit]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2000 May;35(5):326-32. German.
Allogeneic Red Cell Transfusion and Its Influence on Relevant Humoral and Cellular Immunological Parameters
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
