Subarachnoid Hemorrhage — Urea Therapy for Hyponatremia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Citation(s)
Hall A, O'Kane R The Extracranial Consequences of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jan;109:381-392. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.10.016. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
Hannon MJ, Behan LA, O'Brien MM, Tormey W, Ball SG, Javadpour M, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ Hyponatremia following mild/moderate subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to SIAD and glucocorticoid deficiency and not cerebral salt wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):291-8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3032. Epub 2013 Dec 20. Erratum In: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Mar;99(3):1096. Javadpur, M [corrected to Javadpour, M].
Hoorn EJ, Zietse R Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Compilation of the Guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 May;28(5):1340-1349. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016101139. Epub 2017 Feb 7.
Mapa B, Taylor BE, Appelboom G, Bruce EM, Claassen J, Connolly ES Jr Impact of Hyponatremia on Morbidity, Mortality, and Complications After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg. 2016 Jan;85:305-14. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.054. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
