Stroke — Prediction of Gait After Stroke; an External Validation
Citation(s)
Altman DG, Vergouwe Y, Royston P, Moons KG Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009 May 28;338:b605. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b605. No abstract available.
GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0. Epub 2021 Sep 3.
Kwah LK, Harvey LA, Diong J, Herbert RD Models containing age and NIHSS predict recovery of ambulation and upper limb function six months after stroke: an observational study. J Physiother. 2013 Sep;59(3):189-97. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70183-8. Erratum In: J Physiother. 2013 Dec;59(4):218.
Kwah LK, Herbert RD Prediction of Walking and Arm Recovery after Stroke: A Critical Review. Brain Sci. 2016 Nov 2;6(4):53. doi: 10.3390/brainsci6040053.
Smith MC, Barber AP, Scrivener BJ, Stinear CM The TWIST Tool Predicts When Patients Will Recover Independent Walking After Stroke: An Observational Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2022 Jul;36(7):461-471. doi: 10.1177/15459683221085287. Epub 2022 May 18.
Smith MC, Barber PA, Stinear CM The TWIST Algorithm Predicts Time to Walking Independently After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017 Oct-Nov;31(10-11):955-964. doi: 10.1177/1545968317736820. Epub 2017 Nov 1.
Stinear CM, Smith MC, Byblow WD Prediction Tools for Stroke Rehabilitation. Stroke. 2019 Nov;50(11):3314-3322. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025696. Epub 2019 Oct 15. No abstract available.
Veerbeek JM, Pohl J, Held JPO, Luft AR External Validation of the Early Prediction of Functional Outcome After Stroke Prediction Model for Independent Gait at 3 Months After Stroke. Front Neurol. 2022 May 2;13:797791. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.797791. eCollection 2022.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
