Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, Skatrud JB, Bradley TD Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 1;172(11):1447-51. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200505-702OC. Epub 2005 Sep 1.
Bradley TD, Floras JS Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):82-93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61622-0. Epub 2008 Dec 26.
Guimaraes KC, Drager LF, Genta PR, Marcondes BF, Lorenzi-Filho G Effects of oropharyngeal exercises on patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 May 15;179(10):962-6. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200806-981OC. Epub 2009 Feb 20.
Johnson KG, Johnson DC Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Apr 15;6(2):131-7.
Kaneko Y, Hajek VE, Zivanovic V, Raboud J, Bradley TD Relationship of sleep apnea to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following stroke. Sleep. 2003 May 1;26(3):293-7. doi: 10.1093/sleep/26.3.293.
Kim HD, Choi JB, Yoo SJ, Chang MY, Lee SW, Park JS Tongue-to-palate resistance training improves tongue strength and oropharyngeal swallowing function in subacute stroke survivors with dysphagia. J Oral Rehabil. 2017 Jan;44(1):59-64. doi: 10.1111/joor.12461.
Mackenzie C, Muir M, Allen C, Jensen A Non-speech oro-motor exercises in post-stroke dysarthria intervention: a randomized feasibility trial. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2014 Sep-Oct;49(5):602-17. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12096. Epub 2014 May 29.
Pollock A, St George B, Fenton M, Firkins L Top ten research priorities relating to life after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar;11(3):209. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70029-7. No abstract available.
Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C, Zahn A, Heitz M, Braendli O Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006 Feb 4;332(7536):266-70. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38705.470590.55. Epub 2005 Dec 23.
Ryan CM, Bayley M, Green R, Murray BJ, Bradley TD Influence of continuous positive airway pressure on outcomes of rehabilitation in stroke patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Stroke. 2011 Apr;42(4):1062-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597468. Epub 2011 Mar 3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.