Ferrarelli F, Phillips ML Examining and Modulating Neural Circuits in Psychiatric Disorders With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography: Present Practices and Future Developments. Am J Psychiatry. 2021 May 1;178(5):400-413. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071050. Epub 2021 Mar 3.
Klooster DCW, Ferguson MA, Boon PAJM, Baeken C Personalizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Parameters for Depression Treatment Using Multimodal Neuroimaging. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2022 Jun;7(6):536-545. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.004. Epub 2021 Nov 17.
Kong G, Wei L, Wang J, Zhu C, Tang Y The therapeutic potential of personalized connectivity-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation target over group-average target for depression. Brain Stimul. 2022 Sep-Oct;15(5):1063-1064. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.07.054. Epub 2022 Aug 2. No abstract available.
Siddiqi SH, Trapp NT, Shahim P, Hacker CD, Laumann TO, Kandala S, Carter AR, Brody DL Individualized Connectome-Targeted Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury in a Retired NFL Player. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019 Summer;31(3):254-263. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18100230. Epub 2019 Apr 3.
Effects of Individualized iTBS on Upper Limb Function After Stroke
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
