Stroke — Urdu Version of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: Reliability and Validity Study
Citation(s)
Banks JL, Marotta CA Outcomes validity and reliability of the modified Rankin scale: implications for stroke clinical trials: a literature review and synthesis. Stroke. 2007 Mar;38(3):1091-6. Epub 2007 Feb 1. Review.
Hsueh IP, Lee MM, Hsieh CL Psychometric characteristics of the Barthel activities of daily living index in stroke patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 Aug;100(8):526-32.
Kwon S, Hartzema AG, Duncan PW, Min-Lai S Disability measures in stroke: relationship among the Barthel Index, the Functional Independence Measure, and the Modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2004 Apr;35(4):918-23. Epub 2004 Feb 19.
Nik A, Sheikh Andalibi MS, Ehsaei MR, Zarifian A, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Bahadoorkhan G The Efficacy of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II for Predicting Hospital Mortality of ICU Patients with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2018 Apr;6(2):141-145. doi: 10.29252/beat-060208.
Ohura T, Hase K, Nakajima Y, Nakayama T Validity and reliability of a performance evaluation tool based on the modified Barthel Index for stroke patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017 Aug 25;17(1):131. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0409-2.
Quinn TJ, Langhorne P, Stott DJ Barthel index for stroke trials: development, properties, and application. Stroke. 2011 Apr;42(4):1146-51. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.598540. Epub 2011 Mar 3. Review.
Sun TK, Chiu SC, Yeh SH, Chang KC Assessing reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the stroke scale: scale development. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006 May;43(4):457-63. Epub 2005 Sep 16.
Wisniewski A, Filipska K, Puchowska M, Piec K, Jaskólski F, Slusarz R Validation of a Polish version of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: Do moderate psychometric properties affect its clinical utility? PLoS One. 2021 Apr 2;16(4):e0249211. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249211. eCollection 2021.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
