Antal A, Boros K, Poreisz C, Chaieb L, Terney D, Paulus W Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans. Brain Stimul. 2008 Apr;1(2):97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2007.10.001. Epub 2007 Dec 3.
Brignani D, Ruzzoli M, Mauri P, Miniussi C Is transcranial alternating current stimulation effective in modulating brain oscillations? PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056589. Epub 2013 Feb 14.
Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;14(8):1133-45. doi: 10.1017/S1461145710001690. Epub 2011 Feb 15.
Clark VP, Maisog JM, Haxby JV fMRI study of face perception and memory using random stimulus sequences. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jun;79(6):3257-65. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3257.
Das A, Demagistris M, Huxlin KR Different properties of visual relearning after damage to early versus higher-level visual cortical areas. J Neurosci. 2012 Apr 18;32(16):5414-25. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0316-12.2012.
Das A, Tadin D, Huxlin KR Beyond blindsight: properties of visual relearning in cortically blind fields. J Neurosci. 2014 Aug 27;34(35):11652-64. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1076-14.2014.
Dombovy ML, Sandok BA, Basford JR Rehabilitation for stroke: a review. Stroke. 1986 May-Jun;17(3):363-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.17.3.363.
Huxlin KR, Williams JM, Price T A neurochemical signature of visual recovery after extrastriate cortical damage in the adult cat. J Comp Neurol. 2008 May 1;508(1):45-61. doi: 10.1002/cne.21658.
Jones SA, Shinton RA Improving outcome in stroke patients with visual problems. Age Ageing. 2006 Nov;35(6):560-5. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl074. Epub 2006 Jul 4.
Jongbloed L Prediction of function after stroke: a critical review. Stroke. 1986 Jul-Aug;17(4):765-76. doi: 10.1161/01.str.17.4.765.
Kavcic V, Triplett RL, Das A, Martin T, Huxlin KR Role of inter-hemispheric transfer in generating visual evoked potentials in V1-damaged brain hemispheres. Neuropsychologia. 2015 Feb;68:82-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.003. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Larsson J, Heeger DJ Two retinotopic visual areas in human lateral occipital cortex. J Neurosci. 2006 Dec 20;26(51):13128-42. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1657-06.2006.
Martin T, Das A, Huxlin KR Visual cortical activity reflects faster accumulation of information from cortically blind fields. Brain. 2012 Nov;135(Pt 11):3440-52. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws272.
Martin T, Huxlin KR, Kavcic V Motion-onset visual evoked potentials predict performance during a global direction discrimination task. Neuropsychologia. 2010 Oct;48(12):3563-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Aug 14.
Melnick MD, Tadin D, Huxlin KR Relearning to See in Cortical Blindness. Neuroscientist. 2016 Apr;22(2):199-212. doi: 10.1177/1073858415621035. Epub 2015 Dec 10. Erratum In: Neuroscientist. 2016 Apr;22(2):213.
Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Lang N, Antal A, Tergau F, Paulus W Safety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Nov;114(11):2220-2; author reply 2222-3. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00235-9. No abstract available.
Nitsche MA, Paulus W Transcranial direct current stimulation--update 2011. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29(6):463-92. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2011-0618.
Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A; Safety of TMS Consensus Group Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Dec;120(12):2008-2039. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016. Epub 2009 Oct 14.
Saionz EL, Tadin D, Melnick MD, Huxlin KR Functional preservation and enhanced capacity for visual restoration in subacute occipital stroke. Brain. 2020 Jun 1;143(6):1857-1872. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa128.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.