Stroke — Focal Muscular Vibration to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity in Stroke
Citation(s)
Ageranoti SA, Hayes KC Effects of vibration on hypertonia and hyperreflexia in the wrist joint of patients with spastic hemiparesis. Physiotherapy Canada 1990;42:24-33.
Aprile I, Di Sipio E, Germanotta M, Simbolotti C, Padua L Muscle focal vibration in healthy subjects: evaluation of the effects on upper limb motor performance measured using a robotic device. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Apr;116(4):729-37. doi: 10.1007/s004
Hagbarth KE, Eklund G Tonic vibration reflexes (TVR) in spasticity. Brain Res. 1966 Aug;2(2):201-3.
Liepert J, Binder C Vibration-induced effects in stroke patients with spastic hemiparesis--a pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(6):729-35. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0541.
Noma T, Matsumoto S, Shimodozono M, Etoh S, Kawahira K Anti-spastic effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the spastic muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post-stroke patients: a proof-of-principle study. J Rehabil Med. 2012 Apr;44(4):325-3
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.