Stroke — Finding the Right Words in Neurogenic Communication Disorders
Citation(s)
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Hilari K, Lamping DL, Smith SC, Northcott S, Lamb A, Marshall J Psychometric properties of the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39) in a generic stroke population. Clin Rehabil. 2009 Jun;23(6):544-57. doi: 10.1177/0269215508101729. Epub 2009 May 15.
Long A, Hesketh A, Paszek G, Booth M, Bowen A Development of a reliable self-report outcome measure for pragmatic trials of communication therapy following stroke: the Communication Outcome after Stroke (COAST) scale. Clin Rehabil. 2008 Dec;22(12):1083-94. doi: 10.1177/0269215508090091.
Tallberg IM, Ivachova E, Jones Tinghag K, Ostberg P Swedish norms for word fluency tests: FAS, animals and verbs. Scand J Psychol. 2008 Oct;49(5):479-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00653.x. Epub 2008 Apr 29.
Finding the Right Words in Neurogenic Communication Disorders: Naming of Objects and Actions, Communicative Strategies in Conversation and Effects of Training
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
