Carnaby G, Hankey GJ, Pizzi J Behavioural intervention for dysphagia in acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jan;5(1):31-7.
Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration . Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26-Mar 4;365(9461):764-72.
Ertekin C, Aydogdu I Neurophysiology of swallowing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Dec;114(12):2226-44. Review.
Foley N, Teasell R, Salter K, Kruger E, Martino R Dysphagia treatment post stroke: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Age Ageing. 2008 May;37(3):258-64. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn064. Review.
Goulding R, Bakheit AM Evaluation of the benefits of monitoring fluid thickness in the dietary management of dysphagic stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 2000 Apr;14(2):119-24.
Hägg M, Larsson B Effects of motor and sensory stimulation in stroke patients with long-lasting dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2004 Fall;19(4):219-30.
Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, Thompson DG Organization and reorganization of human swallowing motor cortex: implications for recovery after stroke. Clin Sci (Lond). 2000 Aug;99(2):151-7. Review.
Han TR, Paik NJ, Park JW Quantifying swallowing function after stroke: A functional dysphagia scale based on videofluoroscopic studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 May;82(5):677-82.
Kern MK, Jaradeh S, Arndorfer RC, Shaker R Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):G354-60.
Leelamanit V, Limsakul C, Geater A Synchronized electrical stimulation in treating pharyngeal dysphagia. Laryngoscope. 2002 Dec;112(12):2204-10.
O'Donoghue S, Bagnall A Videofluoroscopic evaluation in the assessment of swallowing disorders in paediatric and adult populations. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 1999 Jul-Oct;51(4-5):158-71. Review.
Park CL, O'Neill PA, Martin DF A pilot exploratory study of oral electrical stimulation on swallow function following stroke: an innovative technique. Dysphagia. 1997 Summer;12(3):161-6.
Robbins J, Levin RL Swallowing after unilateral stroke of the cerebral cortex: preliminary experience. Dysphagia. 1988;3(1):11-7.
Acute Stroke Patients With Dysphagia After Different Swallowing Therapies: Videofluoroscopy Findings and Brain Plasticity in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
