Stroke — Botulinum Toxin A for Shoulder Pain After Stroke
Citation(s)
Bach-Rojecky L, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Lackovic Z Botulinum toxin type A reduces pain supersensitivity in experimental diabetic neuropathy: bilateral effect after unilateral injection. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 May 10;633(1-3):10-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.
Hsieh LF, Hsu WC, Lin YJ, Wu SH, Chang KC, Chang HL Is ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013 Dec;45(12):2205-13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829b183c.
Lee JH, Lee SH, Song SH Clinical effectiveness of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of subacromial bursitis or shoulder impingement syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2011 Jul-Aug;27(6):523-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31820e1310.
Wu T, Fu Y, Song HX, Ye Y, Dong Y, Li JH Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Shoulder Pain Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Dec;96(12):2214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.06.018. Epub 2015 Jul 17. Review.
Wu T, Song HX, Dong Y, Li JH Ultrasound-guided versus blind subacromial-subdeltoid bursa injection in adults with shoulder pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015 Dec;45(3):374-8. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.05.011. Ep
The Effectiveness of Ultrasound Guided Sub-acromial Bursa Injection With Botulinum Toxin A in for Refractory Shoulder Pain After Stroke.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
