Kaplan DM Clear writing, clear thinking and the disappearing art of the problem list. J Hosp Med. 2007 Jul;2(4):199-202. doi: 10.1002/jhm.242. No abstract available.
Tang PC, LaRosa MP, Gorden SM Use of computer-based records, completeness of documentation, and appropriateness of documented clinical decisions. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999 May-Jun;6(3):245-51. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1999.0060245.
Wright A, Chen ES, Maloney FL An automated technique for identifying associations between medications, laboratory results and problems. J Biomed Inform. 2010 Dec;43(6):891-901. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2010.09.009. Epub 2010 Sep 25.
Wright A, Goldberg H, Hongsermeier T, Middleton B A description and functional taxonomy of rule-based decision support content at a large integrated delivery network. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007 Jul-Aug;14(4):489-96. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M2364. Epub 2007 Apr 25.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
