Stroke — Modulation of Brain Plasticity After Perinatal Stroke
Citation(s)
Kirton A, Chen R, Friefeld S, Gunraj C, Pontigon AM, Deveber G Contralesional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic hemiparesis in subcortical paediatric stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Jun;7(6):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70096-6. Epub 2008 May 1.
Kirton A, Deveber G, Gunraj C, Chen R Cortical excitability and interhemispheric inhibition after subcortical pediatric stroke: plastic organization and effects of rTMS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Nov;121(11):1922-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.021.
Kirton A, deVeber G Advances in perinatal ischemic stroke. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Mar;40(3):205-14. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.09.018. Review.
Kirton A, Shroff M, Pontigon AM, deVeber G Risk factors and presentations of periventricular venous infarction vs arterial presumed perinatal ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2010 Jul;67(7):842-8. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.140.
Kirton A, Wei X Teaching neuroimages: confirmation of prenatal periventricular venous infarction with susceptibility-weighted MRI. Neurology. 2010 Mar 23;74(12):e48. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d5a47a.
Kirton A, Westmacott R, deVeber G Pediatric stroke: rehabilitation of focal injury in the developing brain. NeuroRehabilitation. 2007;22(5):371-82. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
