Stroke — Study of the Relationship Between Blood Vessels and Insulin Response in Adolescents
Citation(s)
Duck MM, Hoffman RP Impaired endothelial function in healthy African-American adolescents compared with Caucasians. J Pediatr. 2007 Apr;150(4):400-6.
Hoffman RP Increased fasting triglyceride levels are associated with hepatic insulin resistance in Caucasian but not African-American adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1402-4.
Hoffman RP Indices of insulin action calculated from fasting glucose and insulin reflect hepatic, not peripheral, insulin sensitivity in African-American and Caucasian adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 Jun;9(3 Pt 2):57-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007
Xie L, Hoffman RP, Veng-Pedersen P Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics analysis of glucose-stimulated insulin response in African-American and Caucasian youths. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2009 Apr;30(3):117-25. doi: 10.1002/bdd.652.
Relationship of Endothelial Function to Insulin Sensitivity in African American and Caucasian Adolescents
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
