Berntsen D, Rubin DC The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into one's identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2006 Feb;44(2):219-31. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009.
Carter G, Yu Z, Aryana Bryan M, Brown JL, Winhusen T, Cochran G Validation of the tobacco, alcohol, prescription medication, and other substance use (TAPS) tool with the WHO alcohol, smoking, and substance Involvement screening test (ASSIST). Addict Behav. 2022 Mar;126:107178. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107178. Epub 2021 Nov 10.
Carver CS You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92-100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96. No abstract available.
Dalenberg C, Carlson E New versions of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: The DES-R (revised) and the DES-B (brief). Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Annual Meeting. 2010;26:203. https://istss.org/meetings-events/meeting-archives/2010-annual-meeting-archives.aspx
Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983 Aug;13(3):595-605.
Gandhi SK, Salmon JW, Zhao SZ, Lambert BL, Gore PR, Conrad K Psychometric evaluation of the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2001 Jul;23(7):1080-98. doi: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80093-x.
Gomez JM What's the harm? Internalized prejudice and cultural betrayal trauma in ethnic minorities. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(2):237-247. doi: 10.1037/ort0000367. Epub 2018 Nov 8.
Gratz, K L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
Hildebrand M The Psychometric Properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT): A Review of Recent Research. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015 Jun;53:52-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.01.008. Epub 2015 Jan 31.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002 Mar-Apr;64(2):258-66. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008.
Luszczynska A, Scholz U, Schwarzer R The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. J Psychol. 2005 Sep;139(5):439-57. doi: 10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457.
Mohr JJ, Kendra MS Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale. J Couns Psychol. 2011 Apr;58(2):234-245. doi: 10.1037/a0022858.
Neff, K D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Preece D, Becerra R, Robinson K, Dandy J, Allan A The psychometric assessment of alexithymia: Development and validation of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;132:32-44. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.011
Tebbe EA, Moradi B, Wilson E, Bell HL, Connelly K, Lenzen A Development and psychometric evaluation of the Sexual Minority Women's Sexual Objectification Experiences Scale. J Couns Psychol. 2021 Oct;68(5):501-514. doi: 10.1037/cou0000547. Epub 2021 Mar 25.
Verdejo-Garcia A, Lozano O, Moya M, Alcazar MA, Perez-Garcia M Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale: reliability, validity and association with trait and cognitive impulsivity. J Pers Assess. 2010 Jan;92(1):70-7. doi: 10.1080/00223890903382369.
Wei M, Russell DW, Mallinckrodt B, Vogel DL The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 2007 Apr;88(2):187-204. doi: 10.1080/00223890701268041.
World Health Organization, Babor, Thomas F , Higgins-Biddle, John C., Saunders, John B. Monteiro, Maristela G. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. 2001. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67205
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.