Strabismus — Bupivacaine Injection of Eye Muscles to Treat Strabismus
Citation(s)
Debert I, Miller JM, Danh KK, Scott AB Pharmacologic injection treatment of comitant strabismus. J AAPOS. 2016 Apr;20(2):106-111.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.11.011.
Miller JM, Scott AB, Danh KK, Strasser D, Sane M Bupivacaine injection remodels extraocular muscles and corrects comitant strabismus. Ophthalmology. 2013 Dec;120(12):2733-2740. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.06.003. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Scott AB, Alexander DE, Miller JM Bupivacaine injection of eye muscles to treat strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;91(2):146-8. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
Scott AB, Miller JM, Shieh KR Bupivacaine injection of the lateral rectus muscle to treat esotropia. J AAPOS. 2009 Apr;13(2):119-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.10.016.
Scott AB, Miller JM, Shieh KR Treating strabismus by injecting the agonist muscle with bupivacaine and the antagonist with botulinum toxin. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2009 Dec;107:104-9.
Bupivacaine Injection of Eye Muscles to Treat Strabismus
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
