Stigmatization — Reducing AIDS Stigma Among Health Professionals in India
Citation(s)
Bharat S Facing the HIV / AIDS challenge: a study on household and community responses. Health Millions. 1998 Jan-Feb;24(1):15-6, 19.
Ekstrand ML, Bharat S, Ramakrishna J, Heylen E Blame, symbolic stigma and HIV misconceptions are associated with support for coercive measures in urban India. AIDS Behav. 2012 Apr;16(3):700-10. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-9888-z.
Ekstrand ML, Ramakrishna J, Bharat S, Heylen E Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: implications for interventions. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013 Nov 13;16(3 Suppl 2):18717. doi: 10.7448/IAS.16.3.18717.
Li L, Liang LJ, Lin C, Wu Z, Wen Y Individual attitudes and perceived social norms: Reports on HIV/AIDS-related stigma among service providers in China. Int J Psychol. 2009 Dec;44(6):443-50. doi: 10.1080/00207590802644774.
Li L, Wu Z, Wu S, Zhaoc Y, Jia M, Yan Z HIV-related stigma in health care settings: a survey of service providers in China. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007 Oct;21(10):753-62.
Li L, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Lin C, Detels R, Wu S Using case vignettes to measure HIV-related stigma among health professionals in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2007 Feb;36(1):178-84. Epub 2006 Dec 14.
Noar SM, Black HG, Pierce LB Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):107-15. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5500. Review.
Nyblade L, Stangl A, Weiss E, Ashburn K Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: what works? J Int AIDS Soc. 2009 Aug 6;12:15. doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-12-15.
Steward WT, Bharat S, Ramakrishna J, Heylen E, Ekstrand ML Stigma is associated with delays in seeking care among HIV-infected people in India. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2013 Mar-Apr;12(2):103-9. doi: 10.1177/1545109711432315. Epub 2012 Jan 26.
Steward WT, Chandy S, Singh G, Panicker ST, Osmand TA, Heylen E, Ekstrand ML Depression is not an inevitable outcome of disclosure avoidance: HIV stigma and mental health in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals from Southern India. Psychol Health Med. 2011 Jan;16(1):74-85. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2010.521568.
Varas-Díaz N, Marzán-Rodríguez M The emotional aspect of AIDS stigma among health professionals in Puerto Rico. AIDS Care. 2007 Nov;19(10):1247-57.
Varas-Díaz N, Neilands TB Development and validation of a culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale for Puerto Rican health professionals in training. AIDS Care. 2009 Oct;21(10):1259-70. doi: 10.1080/09540120902804297.
Reducing AIDS Stigma Among Health Professionals in India
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
