Spinal Deformity — L5-S1 Disc Fate in Thoracolumbar Arthrodesis Stopping at L5
Citation(s)
Jia F, Wang G, Liu X, Li T, Sun J Comparison of long fusion terminating at L5 versus the sacrum in treating adult spinal deformity: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2020 Jan;29(1):24-35. doi: 10.1007/s00586-019-06187-8. Epub 2019 Oct 17.
Sardar ZM, Ouellet JA, Fischer DJ, Skelly AC Outcomes in adult scoliosis patients who undergo spinal fusion stopping at L5 compared with extension to the sacrum. Evid Based Spine Care J. 2013 Oct;4(2):96-104. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1357360.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
