Spinal Cord Injury — Conditioning Neural Circuits to Improve Upper Extremity Function
Citation(s)
Anderson KD Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct;21(10):1371-83.
Beekhuizen KS, Field-Fote EC Massed practice versus massed practice with stimulation: effects on upper extremity function and cortical plasticity in individuals with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005 Mar;19(1):33-45.
Birkenmeier RL, Prager EM, Lang CE Translating animal doses of task-specific training to people with chronic stroke in 1-hour therapy sessions: a proof-of-concept study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010 Sep;24(7):620-35. doi: 10.1177/1545968310361957. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC Bihemispheric anodal corticomotor stimulation using transcranial direct current stimulation improves bimanual typing task performance. J Mot Behav. 2013;45(4):361-7. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2013.808604. Epub 2013 Jun 24.
Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: a randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury. Clin Rehabil. 2015 Aug;29(8):771-82. doi: 10.1177/0269215514556087. Epub 2014 Nov 7.
Hoffman LR, Field-Fote EC Cortical reorganization following bimanual training and somatosensory stimulation in cervical spinal cord injury: a case report. Phys Ther. 2007 Feb;87(2):208-23. Epub 2007 Jan 9.
Hoffman LR, Field-Fote EC Functional and corticomotor changes in individuals with tetraplegia following unimanual or bimanual massed practice training with somatosensory stimulation: a pilot study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010 Dec;34(4):193-201. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181fbe692.
Velstra IM, Curt A, Frotzler A, Abel R, Kalsi-Ryan S, Rietman JS, Bolliger M Changes in Strength, Sensation, and Prehension in Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: European Multicenter Responsiveness Study of the GRASSP. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015 Sep;29(8):755-66. doi: 10.1177/1545968314565466. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Conditioning Neural Circuits to Improve Upper Extremity Function
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
