Alexeeva N, Broton JG, Calancie B Latency of changes in spinal motoneuron excitability evoked by transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in spinal cord injured individuals. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Aug;109(4):297-303. doi: 10.1016/s0924-980x(98)00021-6.
Anderson KD Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct;21(10):1371-83. doi: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371.
Aymard C, Katz R, Lafitte C, Lo E, Penicaud A, Pradat-Diehl P, Raoul S Presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression: a comparison between lower and upper limbs in normal human subjects and patients with hemiplegia. Brain. 2000 Aug;123 ( Pt 8):1688-702. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.8.1688.
Baudry S, Penzer F, Duchateau J Input-output characteristics of soleus homonymous Ia afferents and corticospinal pathways during upright standing differ between young and elderly adults. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2014 Mar;210(3):667-77. doi: 10.1111/apha.12233.
Behrman AL, Ardolino EM, Harkema SJ Activity-Based Therapy: From Basic Science to Clinical Application for Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2017 Jul;41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3 IV STEP Spec Iss):S39-S45. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000184.
Bennett MR The concept of long term potentiation of transmission at synapses. Prog Neurobiol. 2000 Feb;60(2):109-37. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00006-4.
Bethoux F, Bennett S Evaluating walking in patients with multiple sclerosis: which assessment tools are useful in clinical practice? Int J MS Care. 2011 Spring;13(1):4-14. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073-13.1.4.
Calancie B, Broton JG, Klose KJ, Traad M, Difini J, Ayyar DR Evidence that alterations in presynaptic inhibition contribute to segmental hypo- and hyperexcitability after spinal cord injury in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Jun;89(3):177-86. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(93)90131-8.
Chen YS, Zhou S Soleus H-reflex and its relation to static postural control. Gait Posture. 2011 Feb;33(2):169-78. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.12.008. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
Cirillo J, Calabro FJ, Perez MA Impaired Organization of Paired-Pulse TMS-Induced I-Waves After Human Spinal Cord Injury. Cereb Cortex. 2016 May;26(5):2167-77. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv048. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
Cote MP, Murray LM, Knikou M Spinal Control of Locomotion: Individual Neurons, Their Circuits and Functions. Front Physiol. 2018 Jun 25;9:784. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00784. eCollection 2018.
Cote MP, Murray M, Lemay MA Rehabilitation Strategies after Spinal Cord Injury: Inquiry into the Mechanisms of Success and Failure. J Neurotrauma. 2017 May 15;34(10):1841-1857. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4577. Epub 2016 Nov 21.
Crone C, Hultborn H, Jespersen B, Nielsen J Reciprocal Ia inhibition between ankle flexors and extensors in man. J Physiol. 1987 Aug;389:163-85. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016652.
Crone C, Johnsen LL, Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB Appearance of reciprocal facilitation of ankle extensors from ankle flexors in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury. Brain. 2003 Feb;126(Pt 2):495-507. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg036.
Crone C, Nielsen J Methodological implications of the post activation depression of the soleus H-reflex in man. Exp Brain Res. 1989;78(1):28-32. doi: 10.1007/BF00230683.
Deliagina TG, Zelenin PV, Orlovsky GN Physiological and circuit mechanisms of postural control. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Aug;22(4):646-52. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.03.002. Epub 2012 Mar 23.
Desroches G, Gagnon D, Nadeau S, Popovic M Magnitude of forward trunk flexion influences upper limb muscular efforts and dynamic postural stability requirements during sitting pivot transfers in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013 Dec;23(6):1325-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.09.003. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
Devanne H, Lavoie BA, Capaday C Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res. 1997 Apr;114(2):329-38. doi: 10.1007/pl00005641.
Dixon L, Ibrahim MM, Santora D, Knikou M Paired associative transspinal and transcortical stimulation produces plasticity in human cortical and spinal neuronal circuits. J Neurophysiol. 2016 Aug 1;116(2):904-16. doi: 10.1152/jn.00259.2016. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
Dobkin BH Spinal and supraspinal plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury: correlations between functional magnetic resonance imaging and engaged locomotor networks. Prog Brain Res. 2000;128:99-111. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(00)28010-2. No abstract available.
Dong Y, Peng CY Principled missing data methods for researchers. Springerplus. 2013 May 14;2(1):222. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-222. Print 2013 Dec.
Donovan J, Kirshblum S Clinical Trials in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2018 Jul;15(3):654-668. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0632-5.
ECCLES JC, KOSTYUK PG, SCHMIDT RF The effect of electric polarization of the spinal cord on central afferent fibres and on their excitatory synaptic action. J Physiol. 1962 Jun;162(1):138-50. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006920. No abstract available.
Estes SP, Iddings JA, Field-Fote EC Priming Neural Circuits to Modulate Spinal Reflex Excitability. Front Neurol. 2017 Feb 3;8:17. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00017. eCollection 2017.
Field-Fote EC, Yang JF, Basso DM, Gorassini MA Supraspinal Control Predicts Locomotor Function and Forecasts Responsiveness to Training after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017 May 1;34(9):1813-1825. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4565. Epub 2016 Dec 20.
Hannah R, Cavanagh SE, Tremblay S, Simeoni S, Rothwell JC Selective Suppression of Local Interneuron Circuits in Human Motor Cortex Contributes to Movement Preparation. J Neurosci. 2018 Jan 31;38(5):1264-1276. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2869-17.2017. Epub 2017 Dec 20.
Hofstoetter US, Knikou M, Guertin PA, Minassian K Probing the Human Spinal Locomotor Circuits by Phasic Step-Induced Feedback and by Tonic Electrical and Pharmacological Neuromodulation. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(12):1805-1820. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666161214144655.
Hofstoetter US, McKay WB, Tansey KE, Mayr W, Kern H, Minassian K Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014 Mar;37(2):202-11. doi: 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000149. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
Horak FB, Nashner LM Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol. 1986 Jun;55(6):1369-81. doi: 10.1152/jn.1986.55.6.1369.
Hounsgaard J, Hultborn H, Jespersen B, Kiehn O Bistability of alpha-motoneurones in the decerebrate cat and in the acute spinal cat after intravenous 5-hydroxytryptophan. J Physiol. 1988 Nov;405:345-67. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017336.
Ichiyama RM, Broman J, Roy RR, Zhong H, Edgerton VR, Havton LA Locomotor training maintains normal inhibitory influence on both alpha- and gamma-motoneurons after neonatal spinal cord transection. J Neurosci. 2011 Jan 5;31(1):26-33. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6433-09.2011.
James ND, McMahon SB, Field-Fote EC, Bradbury EJ Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Oct;17(10):905-917. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30287-4. Epub 2018 Sep 18.
Kawaishi Y, Domen K The relationship between dynamic balancing ability and posture-related modulation of the soleus H-reflex. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2016 Feb;26:120-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.11.010. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ Soleus H-reflex gain, threshold, and amplitude as function of body posture and load in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(11):2056-73. doi: 10.1080/00207450903139747.
Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ Soleus H-reflex modulation during body weight support treadmill walking in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Mar;193(3):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1636-x. Epub 2008 Nov 15.
Knikou M, Conway BA Modulation of soleus H-reflex following ipsilateral mechanical loading of the sole of the foot in normal and complete spinal cord injured humans. Neurosci Lett. 2001 May 4;303(2):107-10. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01718-9.
Knikou M, Dixon L, Santora D, Ibrahim MM Transspinal constant-current long-lasting stimulation: a new method to induce cortical and corticospinal plasticity. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Sep;114(3):1486-99. doi: 10.1152/jn.00449.2015. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Knikou M, Hajela N, Mummidisetty CK, Xiao M, Smith AC Soleus H-reflex phase-dependent modulation is preserved during stepping within a robotic exoskeleton. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Jul;122(7):1396-404. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.044. Epub 2011 Jan 14.
Knikou M, Hajela N, Mummidisetty CK Corticospinal excitability during walking in humans with absent and partial body weight support. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Dec;124(12):2431-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.06.004. Epub 2013 Jun 28.
Knikou M, Mummidisetty CK Locomotor training improves premotoneuronal control after chronic spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Jun 1;111(11):2264-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00871.2013. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Knikou M, Murray LM Neural interactions between transspinal evoked potentials and muscle spindle afferents in humans. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2018 Dec;43:174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.10.005. Epub 2018 Oct 9.
Knikou M, Murray LM Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2019 Sep 26;14(9):e0223135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223135. eCollection 2019.
Knikou M, Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK Locomotor training improves reciprocal and nonreciprocal inhibitory control of soleus motoneurons in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Apr 1;113(7):2447-60. doi: 10.1152/jn.00872.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 21.
Knikou M Function of group IB inhibition during assisted stepping in human spinal cord injury. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Jun;29(3):271-7. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e318257c2b7.
Knikou M Functional reorganization of soleus H-reflex modulation during stepping after robotic-assisted step training in people with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2013 Jul;228(3):279-96. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3560-y. Epub 2013 May 25.
Knikou M Neural control of locomotion and training-induced plasticity after spinal and cerebral lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Oct;121(10):1655-68. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.039. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
Knikou M Neurophysiological characterization of transpinal evoked potentials in human leg muscles. Bioelectromagnetics. 2013 Dec;34(8):630-40. doi: 10.1002/bem.21808. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
Knikou M Plantar cutaneous input modulates differently spinal reflexes in subjects with intact and injured spinal cord. Spinal Cord. 2007 Jan;45(1):69-77. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101917. Epub 2006 Mar 14.
Knikou M The H-reflex as a probe: pathways and pitfalls. J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Jun 15;171(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.02.012. Epub 2008 Mar 4.
Knikou M Transpinal and transcortical stimulation alter corticospinal excitability and increase spinal output. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 9;9(7):e102313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102313. eCollection 2014.
Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Mar;2(3):145-56. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00321-1.
Kraemer HC A Source of False Findings in Published Research Studies: Adjusting for Covariates. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;72(10):961-2. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1178. No abstract available.
Learmonth YC, Paul L, McFadyen AK, Mattison P, Miller L Reliability and clinical significance of mobility and balance assessments in multiple sclerosis. Int J Rehabil Res. 2012 Mar;35(1):69-74. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e328350b65f.
Lee JK, Emch GS, Johnson CS, Wrathall JR Effect of spinal cord injury severity on alterations of the H-reflex. Exp Neurol. 2005 Dec;196(2):430-40. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.018. Epub 2005 Sep 26.
Lemay JF, Duclos C, Nadeau S, Gagnon DH Postural control during gait initiation and termination of adults with incomplete spinal cord injury. Hum Mov Sci. 2015 Jun;41:20-31. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
Milosevic M, Gagnon DH, Gourdou P, Nakazawa K Postural regulatory strategies during quiet sitting are affected in individuals with thoracic spinal cord injury. Gait Posture. 2017 Oct;58:446-452. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.08.032. Epub 2017 Aug 31.
Minassian K, Hofstoetter US Spinal Cord Stimulation and Augmentative Control Strategies for Leg Movement after Spinal Paralysis in Humans. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016 Apr;22(4):262-70. doi: 10.1111/cns.12530. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
Molnar E Long-term potentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011 Jul;22(5):506-13. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.017. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
Morrison SA, Lorenz D, Eskay CP, Forrest GF, Basso DM Longitudinal Recovery and Reduced Costs After 120 Sessions of Locomotor Training for Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Mar;99(3):555-562. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.003. Epub 2017 Oct 26.
Mummidisetty CK, Smith AC, Knikou M Modulation of reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition during robotic-assisted stepping in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Mar;124(3):557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Oct 6.
Murray LM, Knikou M Remodeling Brain Activity by Repetitive Cervicothoracic Transspinal Stimulation after Human Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol. 2017 Feb 20;8:50. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00050. eCollection 2017.
Murray LM, Knikou M Repeated cathodal transspinal pulse and direct current stimulation modulate cortical and corticospinal excitability differently in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res. 2019 Jul;237(7):1841-1852. doi: 10.1007/s00221-019-05559-2. Epub 2019 May 11.
Murray LM, Knikou M Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in human spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2019 Mar 7;14(3):e0213696. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213696. eCollection 2019.
Nielsen JB, Crone C, Hultborn H The spinal pathophysiology of spasticity--from a basic science point of view. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Feb;189(2):171-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01652.x.
Nielsen JB Human Spinal Motor Control. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2016 Jul 8;39:81-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013913. Epub 2016 Mar 25.
Norton JA, Gorassini MA Changes in cortically related intermuscular coherence accompanying improvements in locomotor skills in incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2006 Apr;95(4):2580-9. doi: 10.1152/jn.01289.2005. Epub 2006 Jan 11.
Papegaaij S, Baudry S, Negyesi J, Taube W, Hortobagyi T Intracortical inhibition in the soleus muscle is reduced during the control of upright standing in both young and old adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 May;116(5):959-67. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3354-6. Epub 2016 Mar 22.
Petersen JA, Spiess M, Curt A, Dietz V, Schubert M; EM-SCI Study Group Spinal cord injury: one-year evolution of motor-evoked potentials and recovery of leg motor function in 255 patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Oct;26(8):939-48. doi: 10.1177/1545968312438437. Epub 2012 Mar 28.
Platz T, Adler-Wiebe M, Roschka S, Lotze M Enhancement of motor learning by focal intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of either the primary motor (M1) or somatosensory area (S1) in healthy human subjects. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2018;36(1):117-130. doi: 10.3233/RNN-170774.
Pulverenti TS, Islam MA, Alsalman O, Murray LM, Harel NY, Knikou M Transspinal stimulation decreases corticospinal excitability and alters the function of spinal locomotor networks. J Neurophysiol. 2019 Dec 1;122(6):2331-2343. doi: 10.1152/jn.00554.2019. Epub 2019 Oct 2.
Ramer LM, Ramer MS, Bradbury EJ Restoring function after spinal cord injury: towards clinical translation of experimental strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Dec;13(12):1241-56. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70144-9. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
Rejc E, Angeli C, Harkema S Effects of Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Standing after Chronic Complete Paralysis in Humans. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 24;10(7):e0133998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133998. eCollection 2015.
Rejc E, Angeli CA, Bryant N, Harkema SJ Effects of Stand and Step Training with Epidural Stimulation on Motor Function for Standing in Chronic Complete Paraplegics. J Neurotrauma. 2017 May 1;34(9):1787-1802. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4516. Epub 2016 Oct 5.
Roby-Brami A, Bussel B Long-latency spinal reflex in man after flexor reflex afferent stimulation. Brain. 1987 Jun;110 ( Pt 3):707-25. doi: 10.1093/brain/110.3.707.
Rossignol S, Frigon A Recovery of locomotion after spinal cord injury: some facts and mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:413-40. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113746.
Sasagawa S, Ushiyama J, Masani K, Kouzaki M, Kanehisa H Balance control under different passive contributions of the ankle extensors: quiet standing on inclined surfaces. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Jul;196(4):537-44. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1876-4. Epub 2009 Jun 9.
Schindler-Ivens S, Shields RK Low frequency depression of H-reflexes in humans with acute and chronic spinal-cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2000 Jul;133(2):233-41. doi: 10.1007/s002210000377.
Schubert M, Curt A, Jensen L, Dietz V Corticospinal input in human gait: modulation of magnetically evoked motor responses. Exp Brain Res. 1997 Jun;115(2):234-46. doi: 10.1007/pl00005693.
Shapkova EY, Schomburg ED Two types of motor modulation underlying human stepping evoked by spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCES). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 2001;26(3):155-7.
Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P Amplitude of the human soleus H reflex during walking and running. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 15;515 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):929-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.929ab.x.
Slawinska U, Majczynski H, Dai Y, Jordan LM The upright posture improves plantar stepping and alters responses to serotonergic drugs in spinal rats. J Physiol. 2012 Apr 1;590(7):1721-36. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224931. Epub 2012 Feb 20.
Smith AC, Knikou M A Review on Locomotor Training after Spinal Cord Injury: Reorganization of Spinal Neuronal Circuits and Recovery of Motor Function. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:1216258. doi: 10.1155/2016/1216258. Epub 2016 May 11.
Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK, Rymer WZ, Knikou M Locomotor training alters the behavior of flexor reflexes during walking in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov 1;112(9):2164-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00308.2014. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
Smith AC, Rymer WZ, Knikou M Locomotor training modifies soleus monosynaptic motoneuron responses in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2015 Jan;233(1):89-103. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4094-7. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
Soto O, Valls-Sole J, Shanahan P, Rothwell J Reduction of intracortical inhibition in soleus muscle during postural activity. J Neurophysiol. 2006 Oct;96(4):1711-7. doi: 10.1152/jn.00133.2006. Epub 2006 Jun 21.
Tansey KE, McKay WB, Kakulas BA Restorative neurology: consideration of the new anatomy and physiology of the injured nervous system. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;114(5):436-40. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.01.010. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
Thomas SL, Gorassini MA Increases in corticospinal tract function by treadmill training after incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2005 Oct;94(4):2844-55. doi: 10.1152/jn.00532.2005. Epub 2005 Jul 6.
Thompson AK, Pomerantz FR, Wolpaw JR Operant conditioning of a spinal reflex can improve locomotion after spinal cord injury in humans. J Neurosci. 2013 Feb 6;33(6):2365-75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3968-12.2013.
Thompson AK, Wolpaw JR Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy. Front Integr Neurosci. 2014 Mar 18;8:25. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00025. eCollection 2014.
Thompson AK, Wolpaw JR Restoring walking after spinal cord injury: operant conditioning of spinal reflexes can help. Neuroscientist. 2015 Apr;21(2):203-15. doi: 10.1177/1073858414527541. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
Tokuno CD, Taube W, Cresswell AG An enhanced level of motor cortical excitability during the control of human standing. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2009 Mar;195(3):385-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01898.x. Epub 2008 Sep 4.
van Middendorp JJ, Hosman AJ, Pouw MH; EM-SCI Study Group; Van de Meent H ASIA impairment scale conversion in traumatic SCI: is it related with the ability to walk? A descriptive comparison with functional ambulation outcome measures in 273 patients. Spinal Cord. 2009 Jul;47(7):555-60. doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.162. Epub 2008 Dec 23.
Wernig A, Muller S, Nanassy A, Cagol E Laufband therapy based on 'rules of spinal locomotion' is effective in spinal cord injured persons. Eur J Neurosci. 1995 Apr 1;7(4):823-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00686.x. Erratum In: Eur J Neurosci 1995 Jun 1;7(6):1429.
Zewdie ET, Roy FD, Yang JF, Gorassini MA Facilitation of descending excitatory and spinal inhibitory networks from training of endurance and precision walking in participants with incomplete spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res. 2015;218:127-55. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.005. Epub 2015 Mar 29.
Zorner B, Blanckenhorn WU, Dietz V; EM-SCI Study Group; Curt A Clinical algorithm for improved prediction of ambulation and patient stratification after incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010 Jan;27(1):241-52. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.0901.
Priming With High-Frequency Trans-spinal Stimulation to Augment Locomotor Benefits in Spinal Cord Injury
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.