Spinal Cord Injuries — Closed-loop Spinal Stimulation for Restoration of Upper Extremity Function After Spinal Cord Injury
Citation(s)
Inanici F, Brighton LN, Samejima S, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Restores Hand and Arm Function After Spinal Cord Injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2021;29:310-319. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2021.3049133. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
Inanici F, Samejima S, Gad P, Edgerton VR, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Stimulation Promotes Long-Term Recovery of Upper Extremity Function in Chronic Tetraplegia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018 Jun;26(6):1272-1278. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2834339.
McPherson JG, Miller RR, Perlmutter SI Targeted, activity-dependent spinal stimulation produces long-lasting motor recovery in chronic cervical spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Sep 29;112(39):12193-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505383112. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
Closed-loop Spinal Stimulation for Restoration of Upper Extremity Function After Spinal Cord Injury
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
