Spinal Cord Injuries — Transspinal-Transcortical Paired Stimulation for Neuroplasticity and Recovery After SCI
Citation(s)
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Knikou M Functional reorganization of soleus H-reflex modulation during stepping after robotic-assisted step training in people with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2013 Jul;228(3):279-96. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3560-y. Epub 2013 May 25.
Knikou M Spinal Excitability Changes after Transspinal and Transcortical Paired Associative Stimulation in Humans. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:6751810. doi: 10.1155/2017/6751810. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK, Rymer WZ, Knikou M Locomotor training alters the behavior of flexor reflexes during walking in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov 1;112(9):2164-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00308.2014. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
Smith AC, Rymer WZ, Knikou M Locomotor training modifies soleus monosynaptic motoneuron responses in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2015 Jan;233(1):89-103. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4094-7. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
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Transspinal-Transcortical Paired Stimulation for Neuroplasticity and Recovery After SCI
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
