Spinal Cord Injuries — Long-term Outcomes and Life Satisfaction of Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injuries
Citation(s)
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Deane KC, Chlan KM, Vogel LC, Zebracki K Use of Appraisals of DisAbility Primary and Secondary Scale-Short Form (ADAPSS-sf) in individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2020 Mar;58(3):290-297. doi: 10.1038/s41393-019-0375-0. Epub 2019 Nov 7.
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Hwang M, Zebracki K, Vogel LC Long-Term Outcomes and Longitudinal Changes of Neurogenic Bowel Management in Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Feb;98(2):241-248. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.07.004. Epub 2016 Jul 26.
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Vogel LC, Krajci KA, Anderson CJ Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: part 2: musculoskeletal and neurological complications. J Spinal Cord Med. 2002 Summer;25(2):117-23.
Zebracki, K , Anderson, C., Chlan, K., & Vogel, L. (2010). Outcomes of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: Longitudinal findings and implications on transition to adulthood. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 16(1), 17-25. Doi: 10.13
Long-term Outcomes and Life Satisfaction of Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injuries
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.