Spinal Anesthesia — Effect of Prewarming On Skin Temperature Changes
Citation(s)
Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):140-8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0. Review.
Frank SM, El-Rahmany HK, Tran KM, Vu B, Raja SN Comparison of lower extremity cutaneous temperature changes in patients receiving lumbar sympathetic ganglion blocks versus epidural anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2000 Nov;12(7):525-30.
Hermanns H, Werdehausen R, Hollmann MW, Stevens MF Assessment of skin temperature during regional anaesthesia-What the anaesthesiologist should know. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018 Oct;62(9):1280-1289. doi: 10.1111/aas.13176. Epub 2018 Jun 25. Review.
Jo YY, Chang YJ, Kim YB, Lee S, Kwak HJ Effect of Preoperative Forced-Air Warming on Hypothermia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection of the Prostate. Urol J. 2015 Nov 14;12(5):2366-70.
Jun JH, Chung MH, Kim EM, Jun IJ, Kim JH, Hyeon JS, Lee MH, Lee HS, Choi EM Effect of pre-warming on perioperative hypothermia during holmium laser enucleation of the prostate under spinal anesthesia: a prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 Dec 22;18(1):201. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0668-4.
Effect of Prewarming On Skin Temperature Changes After Spinal Anesthesia in Transurethral Resection of The Bladder
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
