Spinal Anesthesia — Spinal Anesthesia With Articaine and Bupivacaine for Outpatient Lower Limb Surgery
Citation(s)
Alston RP Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml: comparison of plain and hyperbaric solutions administered to seated patients. Br J Anaesth. 1988 Oct;61(4):385-9.
Axelsson KH, Widman GB, Sundberg AE, Hallgren S A double-blind study of motor blockade in the lower limbs. Studies during spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric and glucose-free 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 1985 Oct;57(10):960-70.
Vree TB, Gielen MJ Clinical pharmacology and the use of articaine for local and regional anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005 Jun;19(2):293-308. Review.
Spinal Anesthesia With 5% Articaine and 0.5% Bupivacaine for Outpatient Lower Limb Surgery. A Double-Blind Randomised Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
