Smoking — Peri-implant Marginal Bone Loss and Implant Failure in Patients With Smoking Habit
Citation(s)
Badenes-Catalán J, Pallarés-Sabater A Influence of Smoking on Dental Implant Osseointegration: A Radiofrequency Analysis of 194 Implants. J Oral Implantol. 2021 Apr 1;47(2):110-117. doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-19-00223.
Javed F, Rahman I, Romanos GE Tobacco-product usage as a risk factor for dental implants. Periodontol 2000. 2019 Oct;81(1):48-56. doi: 10.1111/prd.12282. Review.
Keenan JR, Veitz-Keenan A The impact of smoking on failure rates, postoperative infection and marginal bone loss of dental implants. Evid Based Dent. 2016 Mar;17(1):4-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401144.
Kumar A, Nasreen S, Bandgar S, Bhowmick D, Vatsa R, Priyadarshni P Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Bone Loss and Implant Failure Rate in Smokers and Nonsmokers. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S203-S206. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_676_20. Epub 2021 Jun 5.
Mumcu E, Beklen A The effect of smoking on the marginal bone loss around implant-supported prostheses. Tob Induc Dis. 2019 May 20;17:43. doi: 10.18332/tid/109279. eCollection 2019.
Naseri R, Yaghini J, Feizi A Levels of smoking and dental implants failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020 Apr;47(4):518-528. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13257. Epub 2020 Feb 7. Review.
Nazeer J, Singh R, Suri P, Mouneshkumar CD, Bhardwaj S, Iqubal MA, Dinesh Evaluation of marginal bone loss around dental implants in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. A comparative study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb 28;9(2):729-734. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1023_19. eCollection 2020 Feb.
Raes S, Rocci A, Raes F, Cooper L, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J A prospective cohort study on the impact of smoking on soft tissue alterations around single implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015 Sep;26(9):1086-90. doi: 10.1111/clr.12405. Epub 2014 May 5.
Peri-implant Marginal Bone Loss and Implant Failure in Patients With Smoking Habit: a Case Control Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
