Smoking Tobacco — The Whole Day First Grade Program
Citation(s)
Crijnen, Alfons A M., Feehan, Michael, and Kellam, Sheppard G. The course and malleability of reading achievement in elementary school: The application of growth curve modeling in the evaluation of a mastery learning intervention. Learning & Individual Differences 10(2), 137. 1998. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.
Ialongo N, Poduska J, Werthamer L, and Kellam S The Distal Impact of Two First-Grade Preventive Interventions on Conduct Problems and Disorder in Early Adolescence. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders 9(3), 146. 2001.
Ialongo NS, Werthamer L, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Wang S, Lin Y Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior. Am J Community Psychol. 1999 Oct;27(5):599-641.
Kellam SG, Anthony JC Targeting early antecedents to prevent tobacco smoking: findings from an epidemiologically based randomized field trial. Am J Public Health. 1998 Oct;88(10):1490-5.
Kellam SG, Langevin DJ A framework for understanding "evidence" in prevention research and programs. Prev Sci. 2003 Sep;4(3):137-53.
Kellam SG, Ling X, Merisca R, Brown CH, Ialongo N The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Dev Psychopathol. 1998 Spring;10(2):165-85. Erratum in: Dev Psychopathol 1999 Winter;11(1):193. 2000 Winter;12(1):107.
Kellam SG, Rebok GW, Ialongo N, Mayer LS The course and malleability of aggressive behavior from early first grade into middle school: results of a developmental epidemiologically-based preventive trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;35(2):259-81. Erratum in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Jul;35(5):983.
Rebok GW, Hawkins WE, Krener P, Mayer LS, Kellam SG Effect of concentration problems on the malleability of children's aggressive and shy behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;35(2):193-203.
Storr CL, Ialongo NS, Kellam SG, Anthony JC A randomized controlled trial of two primary school intervention strategies to prevent early onset tobacco smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Mar 1;66(1):51-60.
Prevention Services in Schools for Early Drug Abuse Risk
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
