Smoking Cessation — Gut Microbiome and Weight Gain After Smoking Cessation
Citation(s)
Benowitz NL Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003 Jul-Aug;46(1):91-111. doi: 10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00087-2. No abstract available.
Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Morris MJ Long-term cigarette smoke exposure increases uncoupling protein expression but reduces energy intake. Brain Res. 2008 Sep 4;1228:81-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.067. Epub 2008 Jun 26.
Costenbader KH, Karlson EW Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology? Lupus. 2006;15(11):737-45. doi: 10.1177/0961203306069344.
Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):589-604. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmr022. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
Harris KK, Zopey M, Friedman TC Metabolic effects of smoking cessation. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Nov;12(11):684. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.171. Epub 2016 Sep 30. No abstract available.
Hur KY, Lee MS Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders. Diabetes Metab J. 2015 Jun;39(3):198-203. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.198.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
