Cicek HS, Armutcu B, Dizer B,Yava A, Tosun N, Celik T Sleep quality of patients hospitalized in the coronary intensive care unit and the affecting factors. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2014;7(1):324-32.
Dhooria S, Sehgal IS, Agrawal AK, Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Behera D Sleep after critical illness: Study of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome and systematic review of literature. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2016 Jun;20(6):323-31. doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.183908.
Elliott R, McKinley S, Cistulli P The quality and duration of sleep in the intensive care setting: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011 Mar;48(3):384-400. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.006. Epub 2010 Dec 24. Review.
Locihová H, Axmann K, Padyšáková H, Fejfar J Effect of the use of earplugs and eye mask on the quality of sleep in intensive care patients: a systematic review. J Sleep Res. 2018 Jun;27(3):e12607. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12607. Epub 2017 Sep 25.
Machado FS, Souza RCDS, Poveda VB, Costa ALS Non-pharmacological interventions to promote the sleep of patients after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017 Sep 12;25:e2926. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.1917.2926. Review. English, Portuguese, Spanish.
Sadeh A Iii. Sleep assessment methods. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2015 Mar;80(1):33-48. doi: 10.1111/mono.12143.
Vieira JV, Ferreira RF, Goes MP Ear and eye protectors in the promotion of sleep in intensive care. J Nurs UFPE 2018;12(10):2784-93. https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i10a236958p2784-2793-2018.
Promotion of Sleep for Patients Submitted to Percutaneous Intervention to Treat Heart Diseases: Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
