Sleep Disorders — Sleep Disturbance in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
Citation(s)
Hanly P Sleep disorders and home dialysis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2009 May;16(3):179-88. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2009.02.004. Review.
Hanly PJ, Pierratos A Improvement of sleep apnea in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo nocturnal hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 11;344(2):102-7.
Loewen A, Siemens A, Hanly P Sleep disruption in patients with sleep apnea and end-stage renal disease. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009 Aug 15;5(4):324-9.
Roumelioti ME, Brown LK, Unruh ML The Relationship Between Volume Overload in End-Stage Renal Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Semin Dial. 2015 Sep-Oct;28(5):508-13. doi: 10.1111/sdi.12389. Epub 2015 May 5. Review.
Tang SC, Lam B, Lai AS, Pang CB, Tso WK, Khong PL, Ip MS, Lai KN Improvement in sleep apnea during nocturnal peritoneal dialysis is associated with reduced airway congestion and better uremic clearance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Feb;4(2):410-8. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03520708. Epub 2008 Dec 31.
Sleep Disturbance in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
