Sleep Apnea, Obstructive — The Endothelium Dysfunction in Patients of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Citation(s)
Atkeson A, Yeh SY, Malhotra A, Jelic S Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Mar-Apr;51(5):351-62. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.08.002. Review.
Bradley TD, Floras JS Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):82-93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61622-0. Epub 2008 Dec 26. Review.
Campos-Rodriguez F Screening for sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2008 Jul;21(7):728. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2008.193.
Gilmartin GS, Tamisier R, Curley M, Weiss JW Ventilatory, hemodynamic, sympathetic nervous system, and vascular reactivity changes after recurrent nocturnal sustained hypoxia in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Aug;295(2):H778-85. doi: 10.11
Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L Cardiovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea: oxidative stress, inflammation, and much more. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Feb 15;177(4):369-75. Epub 2007 Nov 1. Review.
Iturriaga R, Rey S, Del Río R Cardiovascular and ventilatory acclimatization induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia: a role for the carotid body in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Biol Res. 2005;38(4):335-40. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
