Sickle Cell Disease — Distracting Through Procedural Pain and Distress
Citation(s)
Asl Aminabadi N, Erfanparast L, Sohrabi A, Ghertasi Oskouei S, Naghili A The Impact of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain and Anxiety during Dental Treatment in 4-6 Year-Old Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2012 Fall;6(4):117-24. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2012.025. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
Blount, R L., Zempsky, W.T., Jaaniste, T., Evans, S., Cohen, L.L., Devine, K.A., & Zeltzer, L.K. (2009). Management of pediatric pain and distress due to medical procedures. In M.C. Roberts & R.G. Steele (Eds.), Handbook of Pediatric Psychology (pp. 171-188), New York: The Guilford Press.
Das DA, Grimmer KA, Sparnon AL, McRae SE, Thomas BH The efficacy of playing a virtual reality game in modulating pain for children with acute burn injuries: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN87413556]. BMC Pediatr. 2005 Mar 3;5(1):1.
Gershon J, Zimand E, Lemos R, Rothbaum BO, Hodges L Use of virtual reality as a distractor for painful procedures in a patient with pediatric cancer: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2003 Dec;6(6):657-61.
Gold, J I., Kant, A. J., & Kim, S. H. (2005, December). Virtual anesthesia: the use of virtual reality for pain distraction during acute medical interventions. In Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain (Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 203-210). WB Saunders.
Koller D, Goldman RD Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: a critical review of pediatric research. J Pediatr Nurs. 2012 Dec;27(6):652-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.08.001. Epub 2011 Oct 13. Review.
Malloy KM, Milling LS The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Dec;30(8):1011-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.001. Epub 2010 Jul 13. Review.
Mosadeghi S, Reid MW, Martinez B, Rosen BT, Spiegel BM Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Ment Health. 2016 Jun 27;3(2):e28. doi: 10.2196/mental.5801.
Nilsson S, Finnström B, Kokinsky E, Enskär K The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2009 Apr;13(2):102-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 Feb 20.
Sander Wint S, Eshelman D, Steele J, Guzzetta CE Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2002 Jan-Feb;29(1):E8-E15.
Schneider SM, Workman ML Effects of virtual reality on symptom distress in children receiving chemotherapy. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1999;2(2):125-34. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1999.2.125.
Uman LS, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Kisely S A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents: an abbreviated cochrane review. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008 Sep;33(8):842-54. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn031. Epub 2008 Apr 2. Review.
Wismeijer AA, Vingerhoets AJ The use of virtual reality and audiovisual eyeglass systems as adjunct analgesic techniques: a review of the literature. Ann Behav Med. 2005 Dec;30(3):268-78. Review.
Wolitzky, K , Fivush, R., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2005). Effectiveness of virtual reality distraction during a painful medical procedure in pediatric oncology patients. Psychology and health, 20(6), 817-824.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.