Sickle Cell Disease — Lidocaine Intravenous in the Emergency Department For Sickle Cell Crisis
Citation(s)
Bijur PE, Latimer CT, Gallagher EJ Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for use in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2003 Apr;10(4):390-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb01355.x.
Holdgate A, Asha S, Craig J, Thompson J Comparison of a verbal numeric rating scale with the visual analogue scale for the measurement of acute pain. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2003 Oct-Dec;15(5-6):441-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00499.x.
Lanzkron S, Carroll CP, Haywood C Jr The burden of emergency department use for sickle-cell disease: an analysis of the national emergency department sample database. Am J Hematol. 2010 Oct;85(10):797-9. doi: 10.1002/ajh.21807.
Nguyen NL, Kome AM, Lowe DK, Coyne P, Hawks KG Intravenous Lidocaine as an Adjuvant for Pain Associated with Sickle Cell Disease. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2015;29(4):359-64. doi: 10.3109/15360288.2015.1082009.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
