Ahern TL, Herring AA, Anderson ES, Madia VA, Fahimi J, Frazee BW The first 500: initial experience with widespread use of low-dose ketamine for acute pain management in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;33(2):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.010. Epub 2014 Nov 15.
Beaudoin FL, Lin C, Guan W, Merchant RC Low-dose ketamine improves pain relief in patients receiving intravenous opioids for acute pain in the emergency department: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Nov;21(11):1193-202. doi: 10.1111/acem.12510.
Drake AB, Milne WK, Carpenter CR Hot Off the Press: Subdissociative-dose Ketamine for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Jul;22(7):887-9. doi: 10.1111/acem.12705. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
Jennings CA, Bobb BT, Noreika DM, Coyne PJ Oral ketamine for sickle cell crisis pain refractory to opioids. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2013 Jun;27(2):150-4. doi: 10.3109/15360288.2013.788599. Epub 2013 May 21.
Miller JP, Schauer SG, Ganem VJ, Bebarta VS Low-dose ketamine vs morphine for acute pain in the ED: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;33(3):402-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.12.058. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Neri CM, Pestieau SR, Darbari DS Low-dose ketamine as a potential adjuvant therapy for painful vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):684-9. doi: 10.1111/pan.12172. Epub 2013 Apr 9. Review.
Riha H, Aaronson P, Schmidt A Evaluation of analgesic effects of ketamine through sub-dissociative dosing in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Jun;33(6):847-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.045. Epub 2015 Mar 25. Review.
Tawfic QA, Faris AS, Eipe N Sickle cell pain management: are we missing the role of pronociception and neuropathic pain? Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Nov;23(11):1104-5. doi: 10.1111/pan.12269.
Tawfic QA, Faris AS, Kausalya R The role of a low-dose ketamine-midazolam regimen in the management of severe painful crisis in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014 Feb;47(2):334-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.012. Epub 2013 Jul 12.
Uprety D, Baber A, Foy M Ketamine infusion for sickle cell pain crisis refractory to opioids: a case report and review of literature. Ann Hematol. 2014 May;93(5):769-71. doi: 10.1007/s00277-013-1954-3. Epub 2013 Nov 15. Review.
Zempsky WT, Loiselle KA, Corsi JM, Hagstrom JN Use of low-dose ketamine infusion for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease-related pain: a case series. Clin J Pain. 2010 Feb;26(2):163-7. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181b511ab.
Adjuvant Low-dose Ketamine in Pediatric Sickle Cell Vaso-occlusive Crisis (AKTSS)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
