Sickle Cell Disease — The Use of Warmed Saline in Vaso-occlusive Episodes
Citation(s)
Conran N, Franco-Penteado CF, Costa FF Newer aspects of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease vaso-occlusion. Hemoglobin. 2009;33(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/03630260802625709. Review.
Field JJ, Knight-Perry JE, Debaun MR Acute pain in children and adults with sickle cell disease: management in the absence of evidence-based guidelines. Curr Opin Hematol. 2009 May;16(3):173-8. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0b013e328329e167. Review.
Jaja SI, Gbadamosi TA, Kehinde MO, Gbenebitse S The effect of warmth or/and vitamin E supplementation on forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance in sickle cell and non sickle cell anaemia subjects. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003 Mar;10(1):6-12.
Raphael JL, Kamdar A, Beavers MB, Mahoney DH, Mueller BU Treatment of uncomplicated vaso-occlusive crises in children with sickle cell disease in a day hospital. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Jul;51(1):82-5. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21483.
Raphael JL, Kamdar A, Wang T, Liu H, Mahoney DH, Mueller BU Day hospital versus inpatient management of uncomplicated vaso-occlusive crises in children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Sep;51(3):398-401. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21537.
Raphael JL, Mei M, Mueller BU, Giordano T High resource hospitalizations among children with vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Apr;58(4):584-90. doi: 10.1002/pbc.23181. Epub 2011 May 16.
Clinical Impact of Warmed Intravenous Saline in Sickle Cell Patients With Vaso-Occlusive Episodes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
