Shoulder Pain — Dry Needling and Shoulder Muscle Blood Flow, Motions, and Pain Sensitivity
Citation(s)
Bron C, Dommerholt J, Stegenga B, Wensing M, Oostendorp RA High prevalence of shoulder girdle muscles with myofascial trigger points in patients with shoulder pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Jun 28;12:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-139.
Ge HY, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Yue SW Myofascial trigger points: spontaneous electrical activity and its consequences for pain induction and propagation. Chin Med. 2011 Mar 25;6:13. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-13.
Hong CZ Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point. The importance of the local twitch response. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jul-Aug;73(4):256-63. doi: 10.1097/00002060-199407000-00006.
Nascimento JDSD, Alburquerque-Sendin F, Vigolvino LP, Oliveira WF, Sousa CO Absolute and Relative Reliability of Pressure Pain Threshold Assessments in the Shoulder Muscles of Participants With and Without Unilateral Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2020 Jan;43(1):57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.04.002. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
Park G, Kim CW, Park SB, Kim MJ, Jang SH Reliability and usefulness of the pressure pain threshold measurement in patients with myofascial pain. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011 Jun;35(3):412-7. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
Sandberg M, Lundeberg T, Lindberg LG, Gerdle B Effects of acupuncture on skin and muscle blood flow in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Sep;90(1-2):114-9. doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-0825-3. Epub 2003 Jun 24.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
