Shoulder Pain — MINIMUM EFFECTIVE VOLUME OF BUPIVACAİNE FOR ANTERIOR SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE BLOCK
Citation(s)
Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Aoyama K, Brull R Will the Real Benefits of Single-Shot Interscalene Block Please Stand Up? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2015 May;120(5):1114-1129. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000688. Review.
Fredrickson MJ, Krishnan S, Chen CY Postoperative analgesia for shoulder surgery: a critical appraisal and review of current techniques. Anaesthesia. 2010 Jun;65(6):608-624. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06231.x. Review.
Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wright TW, Chidgey LK, Enneking FK Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2003 Apr;96(4):1089-1095. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000049824.51036.EF.
Ullah H, Samad K, Khan FA Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 4;(2):CD007080. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007080.pub2. Review.
Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography. Anesth Analg. 1991 Apr;72(4):498-503.
MINIMUM EFFECTIVE AND MAXIMUM DIAPHRAGM-SPARING VOLUME OF BUPIVACAİNE FOR ULTRASOUND GUIDED ANTERIOR SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE BLOCK
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
