Shoulder Pain — Referred Pain Patterns Infraspinatus Muscle
Citation(s)
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Bron C, Dommerholt J, Stegenga B, Wensing M, Oostendorp RA High prevalence of shoulder girdle muscles with myofascial trigger points in patients with shoulder pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Jun 28;12:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-139.
Bron C, Wensing M, Franssen JL, Oostendorp RA Treatment of myofascial trigger points in common shoulder disorders by physical therapy: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN75722066]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Nov 5;8:107.
Chou LW, Hsieh YL, Kuan TS, Hong CZ Needling therapy for myofascial pain: recommended technique with multiple rapid needle insertion. Biomedicine (Taipei). 2014;4:13. Epub 2014 Aug 2.
Ge HY, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Madeleine P, Arendt-Nielsen L Topographical mapping and mechanical pain sensitivity of myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus muscle. Eur J Pain. 2008 Oct;12(7):859-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.12.005. Epub 2008
Referred Pain Patterns in Trigger Point 2 of the Infraspinatus Muscle in Patients With Shoulder Pain
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
