Shoulder Osteoarthritis — Local Infiltration Analgesia Vs. Interscalene Block in Total Shoulder Arthorplasty
Citation(s)
Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Aoyama K, Brull R Will the Real Benefits of Single-Shot Interscalene Block Please Stand Up? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2015 May;120(5):1114-1129. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000688.
Andersen LO, Kehlet H Analgesic efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Sep;113(3):360-74. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu155. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
Bjornholdt KT, Jensen JM, Bendtsen TF, Soballe K, Nikolajsen L Local infiltration analgesia versus continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder replacement pain: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2015 Dec;25(8):1245-
Menendez ME, Lawler SM, Ring D, Jawa A High pain intensity after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Dec;27(12):2113-2119. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.08.001. Epub 2018 Oct 12.
Weller WJ, Azzam MG, Smith RA, Azar FM, Throckmorton TW Liposomal Bupivacaine Mixture Has Similar Pain Relief and Significantly Fewer Complications at Less Cost Compared to Indwelling Interscalene Catheter in Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty.
Local Infiltration Analgesia Vs. Interscalene Block in Total Shoulder Arthorplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
